Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

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	Page
List of Figures	ii
Management Summary	iii
Acknowledgements	v
Introduction	1
Historical Summary	3
Previous Archaeological Investigations	12
Methods	14
Unit Descriptions	19
Test Unit 1	19
Test Unit 2	19
Trench A	20
Trench B	21
Trench C	22
Trench D	23
Trench E	24
Test Units 3-17	25
Test Units 18-29	26
Archaeological Features	27
Eighteenth-Century Warehouse (?)	27
College Creek Corduroy Road	27
Paper Mill Creek Corduroy Road	29
Wharf Pilings	29
Twentieth-Century Trash Pit	29
Old Road Bed	35
Dumping Area	35
Recommendations	42
Bibliography	44
Appendix 1. Layer Descriptions	47
Appendix 2. Artifact Inventories	49
Appendix 3. Unit Elevations	55

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	Page
Figure 1. College Landing and surrounding area	2
Figure 2. Bland map (1699)	4
Figure 3. Matthew Davenport plat (1774)	6
Figure 4. Berthier map (1781)	8
Figure 5. St. Simon map (1781)	9
Figure 6. Desandrouins map (1781)	10
Figure 7. Map-predicted sites and sites found during 1975-76	11
Figure 8. Proposed canal between College Landing and Williamsburg	11
Figure 9. Test units on City-owned property	15
Figure 10. North walls, Units 1 and 2	16
Figure 11. Test units on College-owned property	17
Figure 12. North wall, Trench A	20
Figure 13. Reconstructed profile through destruction layers, Trench B	21
Figure 14. South wall, Trench C	22
Figure 15. East wall, Trench D	23
Figure 16. Reconstructed profile through destruction layers, Trench E	25
Figure 17. Archaeological features on City-owned land	28
Figure 18. Corduroy road crossing College Creek	30
Figure 19. Corduroy road along Paper Mill Creek	30
Figure 20. Corduroy road along Paper Mill Creek	31
Figure 21. Detail of Corduroy road on Paper Mill Creek	31
Figure 22. Reinforcing structure at mouth of Paper Mill Creek	32
Figure 23. Schematic drawing of reinforcing structure	32
Figure 24. Wharf pilings on College Creek	33
Figure 25. Diagnostic marks on bottles	34
Figure 26. Early liquor bottles	36
Figure 27. Early machine-made beverage bottles	37
Figure 28. Various early machine-made bottles	38
Figure 29. Panel bottles	39
Figure 30. Archaeological features on College-owned land	40
Figure 31. Old road bed on ridge along Paper Mill Lagoon	41
Figure 32. Possible structure on ridge east of South Henry Street	41
Figure 33. Map-predicted sites and archaeological features in the entire College Landing area	43

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Management Summary

In December 1985 the Office of Archaeological Excavation of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation completed an archaeological investigation of the area around College Landing, an 18th-century port associated with the City of Williamsburg. Two areas were investigated: the City-owned portion of land at the foot of College Landing Road, consisting of the flat landing itself and portions of two adjacent ridges, and the land on the eastern side of South Henry Street owned by the College of William and Mary.

It was anticipated that several structures might be present on the property, including warehouses, a brewery, domestic buildings, and possibly an ordinary. During the 18th century inhabitants of the landing also provided a ferry down College Creek, rented out carts and flatboats, and inspected out-going tobacco shipments. Nearby farms housed a great many slaves, and runaways came to the landing and surrounding farms seeking refuge or escape. By the early 19th century, blacks were being buried on property within the landing.

The archaeological testing proceeded with the certain knowledge that massive land disturbances had taken place in the area during the last several decades. Filling, grading, sand-mining, plowing, and road construction have altered the topography considerably, and it was realized that archaeological features would possibly be covered, damaged, or even destroyed.

The extent of filling on the landing itself necessitated the use of a backhoe to strip off the recent and/or disturbed layers of overburden. Five backhoe trenches were dug on the plain at the end of College Landing Road. Three produced no evidence of 18th-century features, but two-- Trenches B and E-- revealed the remnants of a burned building at about six feet below the surface.

This building, the remnants of which included alternating layers of charcoal, brick rubble, and burnt wood, may have been one of the warehouses shown on late 18th-century maps. Lady Susannah Randolph, the widow of wealthy planter Sir John Randolph, rebuilt a tobacco inspection warehouse on the landing in 1740, while Charles Taliaferro built a warehouse of his own in 1775.

The landing also contained several above-ground archaeological features: two corduroy roads, one of which was probably reconstructed when the creek channel shifted, and at least 28 wharf pilings. These features all appeared, only at low tide, on the extensive mudflats of the two creeks.

The College-owned land east of South Henry Street has been badly disturbed, and no intact 18th-century features were located. Two late 19th or 20th-century features-- an abandoned logging road and a dumping area, possibly with remnants of a structure-- were the only archaeological discoveries.

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The alterations to the landscape in recent years probably account for the lack of extensive archaeological remains. The untested portion of the College Landing area, on the ridge on the west side of South Henry Street, is apparently much less disturbed and holds great significance for interpretation of the landing. This land is now privately owned and is scheduled for a high-density housing development. Therefore, while most of the features on the landing and east of South Henry Street are in no imminent danger, it is strongly recommended that the parcel west of the street should be archaeologically surveyed and tested.

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Acknowledgements

This project could not have been completed without the help of many individuals. Patricia Samford did most of the background research in addition to assisting with the augering and recording of test holes. Crew member John Cross dug units, recorded trenches, and helped tremendously with the interpretation of the remains. Leslie McFaden handled the artifact processing and wrote the artifact inventories, Virginia Caldwell produced the excellent graphics, and Tamera Mams was kind enough to provide both field and laboratory photography as well as artifact illustration.

Special thanks are also given to David K. Hazzard, for providing us with advice and recollections of his 1975 survey; Charles Thomas, for help with the initial walk-over survey and advice on site interpretation; George Miller, for information on glass bottle technology and dating; Bruce Larson, for assistance with a Virginia Antiquities Act permit; Dudley Waltrip & Sons, Inc., for mechanical equipment; Mary Keeling and John Ingram, for help with library sources; and Steve Martin, City Engineer, for logistical assistance. Finally, a great debt is owed to Carter L. Hudgins, whose outstanding 1977 archaeological report has formed the basis of so much of this work.

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Introduction

In December 1985 the Office of Archaeological Excavation of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, under contract with the City of Williamsburg, performed a two week archaeological investigation at the College Landing site (44 Wb 3). This site, a National Register property, is located at the junction of College and Paper Mill Creeks, about one mile southwest of the city of Williamsburg. One of the major ports for the city during the colonial period, it was first occupied in 1699, when it was called Princess Anne's Port. In the 18th century it formed a community of its own, consisting of a public tobacco warehouse, several domestic structures, a brewery, a ferry, and a cart and boat rental. By 1774 at least five structures were located at or near the landing. The landing was a tobacco inspection station until at least 1787, and the structures in the area appear to have been occupied into the second decade of the 19th century. Later changes, however, have included a great deal of filling and regrading, in some areas resulting in over five feet of modern overburden.

Two major areas were tested during the 1985 investigation. The most extensive testing was done on the City owned portion of the landing at the terminus of Old College Landing Road. Concurrently, a far less intensive survey was performed on the eastern side of South Henry Street, a portion of land now owned by the College of William and Mary. The locations of these two tested areas are shown in Figure 1.

The City owned land lies at the junction of College Creek and Paper Mill Creek, and consists of a low lying flat plain between two large parallel ridges. A dirt road (Old College Landing Road) leads down to the flat off of South Henry Street; this was the actual terminus of South Henry Street before it was extended along the adjacent ridge to cross Paper Mill Creek and connect with State Route 199. The flat is now almost entirely grass covered, with several small clusters of fir and sycamore trees. Marsh grass covers the areas adjacent to the tidal mudflats on the west and south. The City owned portion also includes 50-100 feet of the toe of the large ridge to the west, a wooded and relatively steep embankment, and a 250 foot long portion of the ridge to the east. This eastern ridge rises about 20 feet above the landing itself, and is capped by a reasonably flat wooded crest.

The College owned land east of South Henry Street can be divided into two parts: a wooded area approximately 300 by 500 feet in size, which comprises the toe and eastern slope of the ridge and drops precipitously to Paper Mill Creek and its smaller tributaries, and a clear cut, grassy area farther north and west, which comprises the ridge top and is now used by the College as an environmental laboratory.

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Figure 1. College Landing and surrounding area.

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Historical Summary¹

Princess Anne's Port, later to be called College Landing, was legislatively established in 1699 along Archer's Hope (now College) Creek, less than one mile southwest of Williamsburg. Named for Princess Anne of Denmark, it was one of two ports established for the newly christened capital of the colony, the other being "Queen Mary's Port" (now Capitol Landing), one mile northeast of the town. Princess Anne's Port, offering navigable access to the James River some four miles away, was the larger of the two ports, situated on a piece of land 23 acres, 37 ½ poles in size (Hening 1809-1823:III:432).

The need for the two ports was obvious, if Williamsburg was to become the political and economic center that the legislators envisioned. With Princess Anne's Port offering access to the James (via Archer's Hope Creek) and Queen Mary's Port offering access to the York (via Queens Creek), the new capital seemed well situated for trade and commerce. In fact Governor Francis Nicholson clearly espoused the benefits of such a location, "at an equal distance from James and York Rivers, between two creeks, which afford the conveniency of water carriage from each of them…[and which are] navigable with the tide by any kind of shallop, or flat bottomed boat" (Goodwin 1930:3; Keith 1738:171).

Other landings along the James River‒Burwell's Landing and Jamestown‒were also utilized and thus acted to reduce the flow of commerce through Princess Anne's Port. It seems clear that it was never a particularly large port, but an apparently steady flow of goods to and from Williamsburg ensured its close connections with the capital throughout the succeeding century (Hudgins 1977).

The first survey of the area was by Theodorick Bland in 1699 (Figure 2). His map shows a clearly pentagonal area bounded on the west by Archer's Hope Creek and on the south and east by its tributary (later termed Paper Mill Creek after establishment of a paper mill on its shores in the mid 18th century). The landing itself was connected with Williamsburg by a road passing through the large ravine southwest of the city and almost certainly following the same general path as Old College Landing Road does today. Although the exact locations of particular lots are not shown on Bland's map, surviving legislative records indicate that lots in the pentagonal area were established, 60 feet square (Hening 1809-1823:III:427) and on either side of the landing road. No records, unfortunately, indicate the initial purchasers of the lots, or the number of lots that were actually seated (Hudgins 1977:13).

Apparently it was not until 1720 that the lots were actually surveyed. Town surveyor Christopher Jackson, who in 1715 had surveyed the port area at the end of the road, seems at this time to have laid out property divisions over the whole area. Again, unfortunately, this record does not survive.

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Figure 2. Bland map (1699).

However the lots were laid out, it is clear that by the second decade of the 18th century there was a certain amount of activity at Princess Anne's Port. In 1715 lawyer John Holloway had received 833 square feet of land (or, more precisely, water) at the base of the landing, upon which he had constructed a wharf (Duvall 1979:77). Presumably this served primarily for the shipment of tobacco and other goods. By 1705 a public ferry had been established, transporting passengers between the landing and Hog Island, roughly four miles to the south across the James River.

In May 1730 the General Assembly of the colony instituted a long debated system of tobacco inspection. Warehouses were established 12 to 14 miles apart alongside navigable waterways, and Princess Anne's Port, meeting the necessary criteria, was designated as an inspection station; so was Queen Mary's Port, about two miles northeast on the banks of Queens Creek. After its initial failure in 1713, blamed largely on internal inefficiencies and the recalcitrance of the planters, it was questionable whether tobacco inspection had a future in Virginia.Yet the 1730 inspection act was to be successful, and this system was to persist throughout most of the rest of the century and would provide a quality control heretofore lacking.

John Holloway owned the land chosen for the inspection stations at both Princess Anne's and Queen Mary's Ports. The public tobacco warehouses he thus established, for which he was paid a yearly rent, must have changed the character of each port. As both were operated as a single inspectorate, however, it appears that neither accomodated an enormous volume of trade (Hudgins 1977:20).

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As noted by McCartney, "the duty of the inspector was to break open each hogshead or cask of tobacco brought to his station, remove or burn any trash or bad tobacco contained in the hogshead, and issue notes to the planter specifying the weight and type of tobacco tendered" (1976:4). The first recorded inspector at Princess Anne's Port, Captain Pierce, died in 1738. Thomas Cobbs, a carpenter by trade, shared the post with Benjamin Eggleston until 1750; Eggleston was replaced in 1751 by Henry Tyler, a builder, contractor, and undertaker (McCartney 1976).

By mid century the ownership of the tobacco warehouses had changed. After John Holloway died in 1734, the warehouses became the property of Sir John Randolph, one of the wealthiest landowners in the area. Following his death in 1737, the property passed to his wife Susannah, who held it in trust for her son Peyton. In 1740 Lady Susannah was required to rebuild one of her warehouses at the landing, a 20 by 40 foot building that she rebuilt at her own "considerable expense," for which she brought a suit for compensation from the government (McIlwaine 1910:399-400). She was hardly destitute, however, having large holdings in and around Williamsburg, including a farm on the eastern side of College Landing Road reputed to be harboring runaway slaves (Parks 1745).

The landing was certainly an attractive place for runaways of all types, as it seems to have been a port of call for ships bound for New England, the West Indies, and Great Britain as well as more local destinations. Not only were goods imported for sale by Williamsburg merchants, but sometimes they were even sold at shipside. By 1778 a French schooner was offering nails, cordage, and brandy at the landing (Purdie 1778a); in 1779 both Muscavado sugar and French rum were sold there as well (Dixon 1779b). Outbound ships carried not only tobacco, but also pitch, tar, leather, and raw agricultural products (Hudgins 1977:27). To meet the demand for storage space at the landing, by 1775 Williamsburg craftsman Charles Taliaferro had built a warehouse on the western side of College Landing Road, where he would store:

"any kinds of goods, where are to be sold (on low terms, for cash) salt, tar, barrelled Pork, Hogs lard, Bacon, good barrelled Shads and Herrings, coal for smiths and grates, Pine Plank, Cypress boards, Pails, Shingles, &c" (Dixon 1775).

He also offered carts and boats for rent, and lodgings for travelers at the home of his agent, James Jordan.

Ordinaries normally provided for these needs, for ships' crews and for merchants and planters alike. No less than four ordinaries received licenses between 1715 and 1728 (Reps 1972:177), but McCartney (1976) found no reference to a true ordinary ever having been established at the landing.

The flatboats that were for hire may have been controlled by the keeper of the ferry. In 1774 a John Roan advertised in the Virginia Gazette for boatmen, asking for:

"a careful person that is capable of being Skipper…[and] two or three more Persons who are able and willing to work by Water" (Purdie and Dixon 1774).

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Along with all the other activity at the landing, Charles Taliaferro appears to have operated a brewhouse. In 1779 he advertised for a quantity of barley, to be used at:

"his brewhouse [at] the college landing" (Dixon 1779a).

Runaway slaves had become a problem at the landing. Newspapers regularly seem to have carried notices of runaways seen there, hiding out or attempting to board ships (Hunter 1763; Purdie 1778b; Mullin 1972). The amount of activity and the relative anonymity of the travelers and ships' crews are suggested as reasons why runaways were so attracted to the place (Hudgins 1977:28-29).

In 1774 enough confusion existed about lot boundaries to cause a re survey of the entire area. Town clerk Matthew Davenport created a meticulous plat showing 78 lots, 36 on the west side of College Landing Road and 42 on the east side (Figure 3). Topographically the lots were thus arranged on the tops of the two parallel ridges east and west of the road which, meandering through the large dividing ravine, led down to the flat plain on which the landing itself was situated. The lots were divided into groups of six, each separated by one of the eight Figure 3. Matthew Davenport plat (1774). 7 cross streets. A narrow area on the west side of the platted area, and a much larger one on the east side, were left undivided, as was the plain at the foot of the landing itself. Two small triangles of land (marked "e"), 1½ lots in size, are shown abutting a larger section of land ("f " and "c") that is noted as belonging to John Greenhow. Greenhow, a merchant, had evidently purchased this large section, which included the warehouse and wharf at the base of the landing, from Peyton Randolph some time before.

The plat shows five individual structures: a small rectangular block in the southeastern corner of lot 2 (possibly owned by John Roan [McCartney 1976]), a similar block across the road on lot 37, another block in the northeastern corner of lot 45, a labeled "Well" between lots 92 and 93, and a labeled "Warehouse" at the foot of the "Main Street" (College Landing Road). This warehouse, apparently situated on the eastern side of the road, but below the bluff of the eastern ridge, is said to belong to Greenhow. A large area, however, is shown along Archer's Hope (College) Creek and labeled "The Landing Commons," representing an area held in common and therefore outside of Greenhow's control.

By the Revolutionary War Princess Anne's Port, now renamed College Landing, was functioning both as a center of commerce and as a military provisioning port. Before and during the siege of Yorktown, French and American military personnel visited the landing; after the siege, a small French garrison was established there (Hudgins 1977:31). In the course of these actions, French military cartographers meticulously mapped the area in and around Williamsburg, including the landing. Three important maps show the area in some detail. The 1781 Berthier map (Figure 4) shows eight structures: four beside the road, one on the ridge on the eastern side of the landing, and three on the flat landing itself. The 1781 St. Simon map (Figure 5) shows six structures: four on the landing and two at the top of the western ridge. Finally, the 1781 Desandrouins map (Figure 6) shows six structures: two on the road, two at the top of the western ridge, and two on the plain next to Paper Mill Creek. Although the placement of these structures varies slightly from map to map, it seems clear that at this time the area contained several structures of one kind or another. The relationship of these structures to each other, and to the features discovered during archaeological investigations in 1975-1976, is shown in Figure 7.

McCartney (1976) has suggested the possible functions of some of these buildings. The building closest to College Creek on the Berthier and Desandrouins maps, she believes, may have been Taliaferro's warehouse. Farther north, still on the western side of the landing, may have been Taliaferro's brewhouse and the home of his agent, James Jordan.

After the War College Landing continued its commercial functions for a few years; the last recorded tobacco inspection was in 1787 (Palmer 1884:IV:377), but the inspector's salary is recorded until 1792 (McCartney 1976). Presumably ships continued to intermittently come and go, although the more successful landing at Burwell's Ferry may have siphoned off some business. The public ferry at College Landing continued until 1785 (Hudgins 1977:28).

Although John Greenhow had attempted to sell his property at the landing in 1774 and 1778, it was still, for whatever reason, in his possession at his death in 8 Figure 4. Berthier map (1781). 1787. The property then passed to his son Robert, who sold it to Littleton Tazewell in 1799 (McCartney 1976).

By this time a little more appears in the records about the actual owners of some of the lots in the northern part of the platted section. Stephenson (1951) states that a William Abrahams owned lots 37, 38, 39, 42 and 44 in the early 19th century, although the reference that she used has not been subsequently found (McCartney 1976). However, in 1834, Dickie Galt purchased the lands east of College Landing Road from a Lucy Quinn, who herself had purchased the lots from Robert Jonathan and wife (Southall 1771-1850). McCartney (1976) believes that Jonathan may have been the owner of the lot 45 structure 9 Figure 5. St. Simon map (1781). shown on the Davenport plat. Meanwhile, the western side of the road and the landing was still in the Tazewell family until December of 1834, when Galt purchased this land as well (Southall Papers 1771-1850). The landing itself was apparently little used. As early as 1794 a cannon had been installed near the creek (Palmer 1884:VII:175), and it was still there in 1804 (1884:VII:400-401).

In 1818 the Virginia Canal Company suggested the construction of a canal between the landing and Williamsburg. The plan, fortunately, fell through. The map of the proposed canal, however, does show two interesting features (Figure 8). A "county wharf" is shown at the junction of College and Paper Mill Creeks, suggesting that the Commons area was still used for shipping, and a labelled "Gambols" is shown near the wharf, suugesting the presence of an ordinary or tavern. It is unclear, however, whether this map depicts actual conditions at the time or is simply a conjectural plan of what the area would look like once the canal was built.

With the exception of the title changes mentioned above, College Landing fades into obscurity during the succeeding years of the 19th century. By the time of the Civil War, it appears very infrequently in historical records.

In the later 19th century the area on the eastern side of College Landing Road was purchased by Eastern State Hospital to be used for a farm to feed patients and hospital staff. In 1879 the administrators purchased "Munford's Meadow," a 16 acre tract some 1600 yards south of the hospital (Hudgins 1977). The name "Munford's Meadow" suggests that it was purchased from Colonel John D. Munford, the owner of the large home called Tazewell Hall and probably a large portion of the lands once owned by the Tazewell family.

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Figure 6. Desandrouins map (1781).

Very little is known about the 20th century changes to the area, although they must have been considerable. The eastern side of the road has apparently been used as a farm, a pasturage, and a tree farm (Hudgins 1977). Much of this area has also been used as a borrow pit, thus obliterating archaeological features. Finally, the changes associated with construction of the roads, even up to the extension of South Henry Street in the 1970s, have altered the topography of the entire area and resulted in the loss of several sites.

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Figure 7. Map-predicted sites and sites found during 1975-76.

Figure 8. Proposed canal between College Landing and Williamsburg.

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Previous Archaeological Investigations

In 1975 the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation contracted with the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology to perform an initial archaeological survey of the College Landing area, in preparation for the extension of South Henry Street across Paper Mill Creek. Under the supervision of VRCA archaeologist David Hazzard, the survey isolated several probable locations of historic activity. These included: the structures on lots 2, 37 and 45 of the Davenport plat, the well between lots 92 and 93, a warehouse (?) on the plain at the foot of the landing, and a surface artifact scatter on the western ridge above the landing (Hudgins 1977:4-5, Fig. 3). These sites are shown in Figure 7.

Based on the results of the initial survey, the VRCA recommended controlled excavation of two sites in the right of way of the proposed South Henry Street extension. These two sites‒the structure on lot 37 and the well between lots 92 and 93‒were excavated by Carter Hudgins and others in 1976 (Hudgins 1977).

A small domestic structure on lot 37 was found under 4-14 inches of overburden. Represented by the robbed walls of a brick cellar foundation, the structure was 16 by 20 feet in size with an exterior chimney base and bulkhead foundation along the southern wall. This is almost certainly the structure shown on the Davenport plat and on the Revolutionary War era maps of the area. Based on his archaeological information, Hudgins reconstructed it as a one and one half story frame structure, built around 1750-1760 and destroyed about 1815.

During grading an associated feature was found thirty feet south of this structure. The feature, a backfilled colonial well, was not shown on the Davenport plat. Filled during the 1770s, it may of course have no longer been extant when Davenport did his survey in 1774, thus providing a particularly vivid example of the dangers of relying solely on late 18th century maps for reconstructing the colonial landscape.

The other area excavated by Hudgins was the supposed location of the well shown straddling lots 92 and 93. Stripping of this area revealed, in addition to the colonial period well, an area of intense activity throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The area thought to be the well during the survey turned out to be a backfilled basement from a building constructed after 1860, probably associated with a water pumping station for Eastern State Hospital. South and west of this basement was another partial basement, this for a colonial structure probably demolished between 1720 and 1740. A nearby root cellar and partial chimney base were probably part of the same structure, which was also associated with a series of drainage ditches running in several directions. This structure, unknown before its fortuituous appearance during the stripping, is the earliest feature now known at the landing. Also associated with the structure was a nearby refuse pit and a so called "craft area," a 1.9 foot deep trench that Hudgins suggests may have been either a hemp soaking pit, a flax soaking pit, or some sort of watering trough (1977:57).

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The most unexpected discovery, however, was a group of some 20 late 18th early 19th-century human burials. These individuals, all interred between 1790 and 1820, were apparently exclusively black, and osteological analysis has suggested that they may have been involved in craft activities associated with the artisan trades (Hudgins 1977:75). All 20 were excavated, as they lay within the proposed South Henry Street right of way.

No extensive excavations were performed on any of the other five sites discovered during the 1975 survey. Three of these sites now lie within the proposed Port Coves housing development, one on the College owned side of South Henry Street, and one (the "warehouse [?]") on the flat plain at the base of College Landing Road. Only the latter two fell within the boundaries of the 1985 investigation.

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Methods

The 1985 investigation of the landing was predicated both on historical evidence, suggesting the presence of a number of structures in the area, and the results of the 1975-1976 investigations, pinpointing likely activity areas based on archaeological observation.

The intensity and nature of the 1985 investigation was affected by several considerations, among them topography, cartographic evidence, and likely depth of deposit. On the City owned portion west of South Henry Street, two major environmental zones were represented: the flat plain beside the creeks, and the ridges on either side of this plain. In both cases the depth of any cultural deposits was not immediately known.

Auger holes were initially placed in these areas to determine the nature of the upper parts of the deposits. Using a three inch diameter soil auger, nine holes were dug in various locations (Figure 9). All eight holes dug on the plain indicated that no 18th century cultural layers were present in the upper three feet, but that these upper layers were a confusing mix of hard orange clay, tan and gray sand, and occasional loams of various types. On the top of the eastern ridge, the auger hit a layer of apparently sterile subsoil directly beneath the topsoil layer; no fill layers were evident.

Based on the results of this augering, and from David Hazzard's recollections of his 1975 survey (from which he remembered that most of the plain seemed to be covered by 3.5 to 4 feet of fill), it was determined that a backhoe would be required to strip off the overburden. To confirm this, and to gain a slightly better idea of the type of fill layers involved, two 2.5 by 2.5 foot test units (Units 1 and 2) were excavated south and southeast of the terminus of the old road. These units were excavated to 1.4 feet and 1.8 feet below grade respectively, then augered. The units revealed only successive layers of fill and/or wash deposits making very little stratigraphic sense (Figure 10).

The five backhoe trenches (Trenches A E) were dug through various portions of the landing, depending mostly upon topography and cartographic evidence. Whenever possible, the trenches were taken to natural subsoil. Trenches A, C and D were dug as long rectangular units, 6-10 feet wide and up to 35 feet long. Trenches B and E were excavated as large 12-15 foot squares in order to expose as much horizontally as possible, as it was in these squares that the destroyed warehouse (?) remains were found. In all cases recording was necessarily kept to an absolute minimum, as seepage of ground water into the trenches made them dangerously unstable.

The testing strategy on the ridge tops differed greatly, since it appeared that any cultural deposits would be at or near the ground surface. Fifteen small test holes were dug at the top of the eastern ridge. These shovel pits (Units 3-17) were taken to natural subsoil, usually less than one foot below grade. In addition, auger holes were placed at roughly 20 foot intervals along the ridge top, and portions of the eroded slope were cut away to expose underlying stratigraphy. 15 Figure 9. Test units on City-owned property. The City owned portion of the western ridge was topographically unsuitable for structural remains, being composed almost entirely of a relatively steep embankment leading down to the landing. A few auger tests on this ridge revealed what was apparently subsoil directly below the topsoil layer.

The College owned land on the eastern side of South Henry Street was only cursorily inspected (Figure 11). Small one foot diameter shovel pits (Units 18-29) were dug in the clear cut northern section, while auger tests at 50-75 foot intervals were performed in the wooded sections. The clear cut section seemed characterized by a topsoil and mixed fill layer underlain by subsoil; no clearly intact cultural layers were found in any of the shovel pits. The wooded sections revealed 16 Figure 10. North walls, Units 1 and 2. 17 Figure 11. Test units on College-owned property. 18 only a topsoil layer underlain by subsoil; again no cultural layers were identified. Nonetheless it must be stated that this preliminary survey was extremely superficial, and should not be viewed as sufficient investigation to warrant writing the area off for development or land modification.

All discernible layers or features, from any of the test units, were assigned context numbers in the field. Standard data on soil conditions, stratigraphic relationships, and artifact content were recorded on data entry forms. For mapping purposes, two datum points were established: at the northwest corner of the concrete pad under a Cheaspeake and Potomac Telephone Company control box on the east side of the flat plain, and at a telephone pole in the center of the eastern ridge on the west side of South Henry Street. Units and auger locations on the College owned portion east of the street were estimated on the basis of mapped vegetation boundaries and topographic contours.

Layers and features were dated by use of the terminus post quem (literally, "the date after which"). This date is established by identifying the artifact type in each context which is the newest or most recent one in terms of period of manufacture. This is the earliest point in time that an assemblage or soil layer could have been deposited. It could, of course, have been deposited any time after that date.

The trench contained several large wooden wharf pilings at various depths, all apparently broken and displaced. Undoubtedly the deposit has been churned about, and no intact structural features were present. Artifacts included English hard paste porcelain, a slip trailed redware bowl, a glass pitcher handle, and a shotgun shell.

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Unit Descriptions

27

Archaeological Features

42

Recommendations

The 1985 investigation at College Landing was expected to reveal more evidence of the 18th century activities at the port. The filling and grading that has taken place in recent years has undoubtedly altered the landing considerably, while natural changes in the creek channels have resulted in a considerable amount of siltation and erosion. Many of these changes have served to protect the archaeological features at the landing, however; the possible warehouse remains, for instance, are now buried under some six feet of fill.

The remnants of the warehouse are now well protected, and it is recommended that the remainder of this feature should be preserved as is. The corduroy roads and wharf pilings are more immediately threatened by construction work or by vandalism, as they are fully exposed at low tide. It is recommended that they receive careful attention if City sponsored activities in the area place them in danger; in the meantime, the corduroy road on the west bank of College Creek should be fully documented, including measurements and close up photography.

The area on the eastern side of South Henry Street, now owned by the College of William and Mary, has been heavily disturbed by plowing, sand mining, and construction of the road. If this area is to be impacted by further construction activities, it is recommended that the parcel should be more thoroughly examined. The old road bed and the dumping area should be documented through historical research and/or archaeological testing.

An important portion of the College Landing community was not tested during the 1985 project. This is the west side of South Henry Street, an area now privately owned. Because it will be the site of a major housing development, this area should be intensively examined well in advance of full scale construction. It may well be that the concentration of colonial structures within the historically platted portion of the Landing can be preserved. Therefore, it should be surveyed and examined through test excavations as soon as possible so that delays in construction do not occur.

At least six 18th century structures might be expected on this parcel: the structures shown at the toe of the western ridge on the Berthier, St. Simon, and Desandrouins maps, one of which may be represented by an artifact scatter found by Hazzard in 1975 (Figure 33:#s 3, 4, 5 & 6); the two structures along the road shown on the Berthier map (Figure 33:#7); the structure on lot 2 shown on the Davenport plat and tested by Hazzard in 1975 (Figure 33:#10); and the rectangular structure shown much farther north on the St. Simon map (Figure 33:#9). This area appears to be the most undisturbed part of the entire College Landing settlement. As such, it is the only historically significant portion of the colonial port that survives for possible preservation and study.

43

Figure 33. Map-predicted sites and archaeological features in the entire College Landing area.

44

Bibliography

Berthier, Louis Alexandre

1781

Camp a' Williamsburg le 26 Septembre 7 Miles de Archers hope. Princeton University Library, Bertier Papers, Numbers 21-37. Copy on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Bland, Theodorick

1699

A Draft of the City of Williamsburg of Queen Mary's Port and Princess Anne's Port, Virginia. Special Collections, Swem Memorial Library, College of William and Mary. Copy on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Davenport, Matthew

1774

Plan of Princess Anne's Port. Special Collections, Swem Memorial Library, College of William and Mary. Copy on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Desandrouins, Nicolas

1781

Carte des Environs de Williamsburg en Virginie. Library of Congress. Copy on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Dixon, John (publisher)

1775

Virginia Gazette, 3 June 1775.

1779a

Virginia Gazette, 27 November 1779.

1779b

Virginia Gazette, 11 December 1779.

Duvall, Lindsay O. (editor)

1979

Virginia Colonial Abstracts, Series 2, Volume 4: James City County, Virginia 1634-1904. Southern Historical Press, Easley, South Carolina.

Goodwin, T. Rutherfoord

1930

College Landing and Capitol Landing. Report on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Hazzard, David L.

1985

Personal communication.

Hening, William Waller

1809-1823

The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the Year 1619. 13 volumes. Samuel Pleasants, Richmond. 45

Hudgins, Carter L.

1977

Historical Archaeology and Salvage Archaeological Excavations at College Landing: An Interim Report. Report on file, Virginia Research Center for Archaeology, Yorktown, Virginia.

Hunter, William (pubisher)

1763

Virginia Gazette, 4 November 1763.

Keith, William

1738

History of the British Plantation in America. London.

McCartney, Martha W.

1976

A History of College Landing. Research Report No. 58, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

McIlwaine, Henry R. (editor)

1910

Journals of the House of Burgesses 1619-1776. 13 volumes. E. Waddy, Richmond.

Miller, George L., and Catherine Sullivan

1984

Machine Made Glass Containers and the End of Production for Mouth Blown Bottles. Historical Archaeology 18(2):83-96.

Mullin, Gerald W.

1972

Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia. Oxford Press, New York.

Palmer, William P.

1884

Calendar of Virginia State Papers. 11 volumes. Superindendent of Public Printing, Richmond.

Parks, William (publisher)

1745

Virginia Gazette, 19 September 1745.

Purdie, Alexander (publisher)

1778a

Virginia Gazette, 12 June 1778.

1778b

Virginia Gazette, 10 July 1778.

Purdie, Alexander, and John Dixon (publishers)

1774

Virginia Gazette, 16 April 1774.

Reps, John W.

1972

Tidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Virginia and Maryland. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Southall, James

1771-1850

Legal Cases and Estates, James City County. Folders 164 and 182, Tazewell Hall Estate. Special Collections, Swem Memorial Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 46

Stephenson, Mary

1951

Queen Mary's Port (Capitol Landing) Princess Anne's Port (College Landing), 1699-1800. Research Report No. 56, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

St. Simon

1781

Position of the Combined Army under Command of Major General Marquis de la Fayette. Newberry Library. Copy on file, Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Toulouse, Julian Harrison

1971

Bottle Makers and Their Marks. Thomas Nelson, New York.

47

Appendix 1.
Layer Descriptions

Context	Description	Unit	Munsell Value
WB3-001	Topsoil	2	10YR2/2
WB3-002	Yellow clay with sandy pebble	2	10YR6/6
WB3-003	Light brown gray loam	2	10YR4/3
WB3-004	Granular pebble	2	———
WB3-005	Topsoil	1	10YR3/2
WB3-006	Orange clay road base	1	10YR6/8
WB3-007	Brown loam	1	10YR3/2
WB3-008	Yellow brown silty clay	1	10YR5/6
WB3-009	Silt	2	10YR6/6
WB3-010	Hard clay with shell	2	10YR7/6
WB3-011	Shell fragment wash	2	10YR6/6
WB3-012	Gray sand	1	———
WB3-013	Topsoil	3	10YR5/3
WB3-014	Topsoil	4	10YR5/3
WB3-015	Topsoil	5	10YR5/3
WB3-016	Topsoil	6	10YR5/3
WB3-017	Topsoil	7	10YR5/3
WB3-018	Topsoil	8	10YR5/3
WB3-019	Topsoil	9	10YR5/3
WB3-020	Topsoil	10	10YR5/3
WB3-021	Topsoil	11	10YR5/3
WB3-022	Topsoil	12	10YR5/3
WB3-023	Topsoil	13	10YR5/3
WB3-024	Topsoil	14	10YR5/3
WB3-025	Topsoil	15	10YR5/3
WB3-026	Topsoil	16	10YR5/3
WB3-027	Topsoil	17	10YR5/3
WB3-028	Subsoil	3	10YR6/6
WB3-029	Subsoil	4	10YR6/6
WB3-030	Subsoil	5	10YR6/6
WB3-031	Subsoil	6	10YR6/6
WB3-032	Subsoil	7	10YR6/6
WB3-033	Subsoil	8	10YR6/6
WB3-034	Subsoil	9	10YR6/6
WB3-035	Subsoil	10	10YR6/6
WB3-036	Subsoil	11	10YR6/6
WB3-037	Subsoil	12	10YR6/6
WB3-038	Subsoil	13	10YR6/6
WB3-039	Subsoil	14	10YR6/6
WB3-040	Subsoil	15	10YR6/6
WB3-041	Subsoil	16	10YR6/6
WB3-042	Subsoil	17	10YR6/6
WB3-043	Grayish loam with orange clay	18	———
WB3-044	Brownish clay loam fill	19	———
WB3-045	Brownish loam	20	———
WB3-046	Mixed orange clay and brown loam	21	———
48
WB3-047	Orange clay fill with brick	22	———
WB3-048	Reddish orange clay fill	23	———
WB3-049	Brown loamy fill	23	———
WB3-050	Orange clay fill	24	———
WB3-051	Brown loamy fill	25	———
WB3-052	Orange clay fill	26	———
WB3-053	Orange clay fill	27	———
WB3-054	Orange clay fill	28	———
WB3-055	Brown loamy fill	29	———
WB3-056	Orange clay fill	29	———
WB3-057	Dark brown loam in square postmold	2	———
WB3-058	Brownish yellow sandy clay	A	10YR6/6
WB3-059	Dark gray sand	A	10YR3/1
WB3-060	Washed and redeposited clayey sand	A	10YR4/2
WB3-061	Circular brown loam stain	A	———
WB3-062	Washed and waterlogged clayey sand	A	10YR2/1
WB3-063	Crushed shell	A	———
WB3-064	Gray and tan sand	A	10YR3/1
WB3-065	Dark grayish brown topsoil	B	10YR4/2
WB3-066	Orange clay fill	B	10YR6/8
WB3-067	Silty sand with shell	B	10YR5/4
WB3-068	Red and gray striated sand with orange clay	B	10YR6/6
WB3-069	Light gray ash	B	10YR7/1
WB3-070	Brick rubble	B	———
WB3-071	Tannish gray sand	B	———
WB3-072	Silty sand with crushed shell	B	———
WB3-073	Gray sand	B	10YR7/1
WB3-074	Gray sand with oyster shell	B	10YR7/1
WB3-075	Orange clay fill	C	10YR6/6
WB3-076	Dark brown loam	C	10YR2/2
WB3-077	Dark brown loam with charcoal	C	10YR2/1
WB3-078	Crushed shell lens	C	10YR5/3
WB3-079	Crushed shell lens	C	10YR5/3
WB3-080	Gray sand	C	10YR7/4
WB3-081	Crushed shell	C	10YR5/3
WB3-082	Orange clay fill	D	10YR6/6
WB3-083	Tan clayey sand	D	10YR5/3
WB3-084	Gray sand	D	10YR6/3
WB3-085	Orange clay with gray and tan sand	E	10YR6/6
WB3-086	Brick rubble pile	E	———
WB3-087	Crushed shell pile	E	10YR5/3
WB3-088	Charcoal	E	10YR2/1
WB3-089	Brick rubble	E	———
WB3-090	Burnt clay with pinkish ash	E	10YR4/6
WB3-091	Charcoal	E	10YR2/1
WB3-092	Gray sand with shell	E	10YR7/1
WB3-093	Gray sand	E	10YR7/1
WB3-094	Brick in College Creek embankment	—	———
WB3-095	Brick in ditch on N side of landing	—	———

49

Appendix 2.
Artifact Inventories

WB3-001 (TPQ=1903)

Glass, colorless non leaded*

Glass, machine made bottle, green, "TUBORG" (19 fragments)

Nail fragment, wire

Brick

Mortar, sand and pebble based (3 fragments)

Coal

Shell, barnacle

WB3-004 (no datable artifacts [NDA])

Nail, iron

Bone, petrified

WB3-007 (TPQ=1864)

Glass, colorless non leaded*

WB3-008 (TPQ=1933)

Bone china, English

Glass, colored (9 fragments)

Glass, manganese solarized

Glass, colorless non leaded (4 fragments)

Glass, bottle, post Prohibition, embossed "FORBIDS…"*

Wire, aluminum

Token, aluminum, "LOOK/SAVINGS MEDALLION"

Nails, wire

Slag, bog iron

WB3-013 (TPQ=1845)

Ironstone*

Earthenware, unidentified, burned

Brick (2 fragments)

Coal (2 fragments)

WB3-014 (TPQ=19th century)

Porcellaneous ceramic*

WB3-015 (NDA)

Nail, iron

WB3-043 (TPQ=18th century)

Pipe stem, English*

50

WB3-045 (TPQ=1903)

American stoneware, "white"

Glass, colored (3 fragments)

Glass, bottle base, amber, Owens scar*

Nail, iron

Flake, quartzite

WB3-049 (TPQ=1948)

Glass, colorless

Glass, soda bottle base, colorless non leaded, non returnable*

WB3-051 (TPQ=1866)

Whiteware, plain

Cartridge, rimfire*

WB3-055 (TPQ=1864)

Glass, window

Glass, colorless non leaded*

Glass, ink bottle, colorless non leaded, burned*

Nail, wire

Bracket, iron

Chert/flint chunk

WB3-059 (NDA)

Porcelain, hard paste, English (?)

WB3-062 (NDA)

Redware, lipped bowl, slip trailed, clear lead glaze interior

Coal

WB3-066 (TPQ=1880)

Pearlware, plain

Porcelain, hard paste, English (?)

Glass, colorless non leaded (3 fragments)

Glass, large pitcher handle, manganese solarized*

Shotgun shell, center fire

WB3-068 (TPQ=1779)

Creamware, plain

Pearlware, plain (2 fragments)*

Porcelain, Chinese export, underglaze blue decoration

Stoneware, Westerwald blue and gray

Glass, window (2 fragments)

Glass, wine bottle, dark green (3 fragments)

Nails, hand wrought (2 fragments)

Unidentified object, iron

Bone (5 fragments)

WB3-070 (NDA)

Nails, hand wrought (2 fragments)

Curb chain, iron (5 links)

Bone

WB3-076 (TPQ=1924)

Yellowware, pitcher, white glazed interior

Graniteware/ironstone, coffee cup, undecorated

Porcelain, English hard paste, cup, gilded with polychrome handpainted overglaze decoration

51

American stoneware, jug with loop handle, clear lead glaze, par-tially dipped in iron oxide

Glass, hand blown bottle, light blue, narrow mouth (baking soda), lipping tool, cup mold, "RUMFORD" on one shoulder

Glass, hand blown liquor bottle, colorless, lipping tool, cup mold (>1880)

Glass, machine made bottle, manganese solarized, liquor (wine?), molded design, semi automatic valve mark on base (>1889)

Glass, machine made beer bottles, green, crown finish, Owens scar, mold numbers on base (5 bottles) (>1903)

Glass, machine made soda/beer bottle, colorless, crown finish, Owens scar, Owens Bottle Company logo on base (>1911)

Glass, machine made soda/beer bottle, light blue, crown finish, Owens scar, "BEAUFONT/TRADEMARK/REGISTERED" on shoulder front and back, "THE BEAUFONT CO. INC. RICHMOND,VA" around heel (>1903)

Glass, machine made soda/beer bottle, turquoise blue, crown finish, Owens scar, mold numbers on heel (>1903)

Glass, machine made soda bottle, light blue, crown finish, Owens scar, "TRADE/CLIQUOT CLUB/MARK" on one shoulder, "REGISTERED" on heel, "A" on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made catsup bottles, colorless, Owens scar, continuous thread finish, bottom half decorated by 16 flutes, Owens Bottle Co. logo on base (4 bottles) (c. 1919)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical bottle, colorless, square with rounded edges, cork and seal finish, Owens scar, "UNDERTAKER'S SUPPLY CO./CHICAGO, ILL." on one side with 1-14 oz. gradations, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

Glass, machine made milk bottle, colorless, crown finish, Owens scar, Owens Bottle Company logo on base >1911)

Glass, machine made condiment bottle, colorless, long neck, cork stopper finish, Owens scar, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

Glass, machine made condiment bottle, colorless, wide mouth, cork stopper (?) finish, Owens scar, Hazel Atlas Glass Company logo on base (>1920)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical bottle, colorless, cork stopper finish, Owens scar, Owens Bottle Company logo on base (>1911)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical bottle, colorless, wide mouth, Owens scar, cork stopper finish, mold number on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical bottle, colorless, short, wide mouth, cork stopper (?) finish, Owens scar, mold number on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made condidment jar, colorless, threaded finish, Owens scar, "IT'S FRENCH'S" on one shoulder, "DESIGN PAT'D FEB. 23-15" on base (1915)

Glass, machine made food/condiment jar, colorless, threaded finish, Owens scar, "McCORMICK & CO. BALTIMORE, MD" on heel, mold number on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made food/condiment jar, colorless, threaded (?) finish with zinc screw on lid intact, Owens scar, Hazel Atlas Glass Company logo on base (>1920)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical/toiletry bottle, colorless, rectangular with flat chamfers, long neck, narrow mouth, lug finish with partial metal cap in place, Owens scar, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

52

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical/toiletry bottle, colorless, narrow mouth, stopper finish, Owens scar, rectangular sloping sides, remains of label on one side ("LYNCH…G"), Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, rectangular, cork stopper finish, Owens scar, "VIRGINIA DARE EXTRACT" on left panel, "VIRGINIA DARE EXTRACT CO." on right panel, Owens Bottle Company logo on base (>1911)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, sloping shoulders, inset panel on reverse, remains of paper label on obverse, ball neck, cork stopper finish, Owens scar, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, amber, cork stopper, Owens scar, "HICK'S CAPUDINE/FOR HEADACHES/COLDS AND GRIPP" on obverse, Owens Bottle Company logo on base (>1911)

Glass, machine made ammonia bottles, colorless, flattened ovals, cork stoppers intact, "LITTLE/BO PEEP/AMMONIA" on obverse, Owens scars (2 fragments) (>1903)

Glass, machine made soda bottle, aqua, crown finish, "CHERO COLA/6 ½ FL. OZ." on shoulder obverse and reverse, "SENECA, S.C." and "THIS BOTTLE NEVER SOLD" on heel, "CHERO COLA/4" on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made soda/beer bottle, colorless, basal half only, molded square and circle pattern, "PATENT PENDING D.O.C. B 47-4" and "MIN. CONTENTS 6 FL. OZ." on heel, "NORFOLK/VA" on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made "Coke" bottle, green, crown finish, hobble skirt, "COCA COLA/TRADEMARK REGISTERED/BOTTLE PATD NOV 16 1915" on obverse shoulder, "COCA COLA/TRADEMARK REGISTERED/MIN CONTENTS 6 FL. OZS" on reverse shoulder, "NEWPORT NEWS VA" on base (c. 1915)

Glass, machine made soda bottle, colorless, crown finish, cup mold, "GREAT RADIUM/SPRING WATER CO. INC/PITTSFIELD,/MASS." on obverse, Diamond Glass Company logo on base (>1924)*

Glass, machine made soda bottle, light blue, crown finish, cup mold, "LHC" on lip, "PLUTO WATER/AMERICA'S PHYSIC" on obverse shoulder, "PLUTO" beneath Pluto figure on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made container, colorless, round, decorated with 14 flutes, narrow mouth, lug finish, cup mold, "THE GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA CO." encircling shoulder, Turner Brothers logo on base (>1915)

Glass, machine made wide mouth container, colorless, round, decorated with 12 flutes, cap seat finish, Owens scar, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (>1916)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, finish broken off, Owens scar (?), "McCORMICK & CO./BALTIMORE" on obverse (>1903)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, recessed panel on obverse, threaded finish with zinc (?) cap intact,"HINDS/HONEY/AND/ALMOND/CREAM/A.S. HINDS CO./ PORTLAND/MAINE U.S.A." on panel, "A.S. HINDS CO./1C4 1A H 11" on base (>1903)

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, ball neck finish, Turner Brothers logo on base (>1915)

Glass, machine made pharmaceutical bottle, cobalt blue, strapped flask shape, continuous thread finish, "MILK OF/[emblem]/MAGNESIA/REC'D IN U.S. PATENT OFFICE/AUG. 21, 1906/THE CHAS. H. PHILLIPS/CHEMICAL COMPANY/GLENBOOK, CONN." on obverse, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (c. 1919)

53

Glass, machine made panel bottle, colorless, rectangular with three recessed panels, continuous thread finish, Owens scar, "G.E. McBRADY & CO. [script]/CHICAGO" on obverse, Illinois Glass Company logo on base (c. 1919)

Glass, machine made jar, colorless, continuous thread, "TRADE MARK/VASELINE/CHESEBROUGH/NEW YORK" on obverse (c. 1919)

Glass, machine made jar, colorless, continuous thread (probably non standardized), "GELFAND'S/[Hazel Atlas Glass Company logo]/BALTIMORE" on base (>1920)

Glass, machine made cylindrical jar, colorless, continuous thread, "GELFAND'S/16/1C 677/BALTIMORE" on base (c. 1919)

Glass, machine made jar, colorless, continuous thread, Owens scar (?), Hazel Atlas Glass Company logo on base (>1920)

Glass, machine made soda bottle base, colorless, Turner Brothers logo on base (>1915)

Glass, leaded glass light bulb with copper alloy and glass base, colorless (>1895)

Glass, opaque white, canning jar lid liner (>1869)

Glass, opaque white, lid (>1869)

Glass, stemmed glass foot with mold lines, colorless non leaded

Bone, mouse (3 incomplete skeletons)

WB3-085 (TPQ=1762)

Stoneware, black exterior glaze, red paste

Creamware, saucer, plain*

Pipe stem, English

Nail, iron

Strap, iron

Wood, petrified (3 pieces)

WB3-086 (NDA)

Brick (2 fragments)

Mortar, shell

WB3-088 (NDA)

Nails, iron (2 fragments)

WB3-090 (TPQ=1805)

Spike, iron

Nails, hand wrought (2 fragments)

Nail, machine cut and headed*

Nails, iron (4 fragments)

Bone

WB3-092 (NDA)

Redware, coarse, bowl, greenish brown lead glaze

Redware, coarse, exterior brown lead glaze, interior brown lead glaze over white slip

Brick

Wood

Wood, charred (6 pieces)

Bone (5 fragments)

54

WB3-094 (NDA)

Brick (2 fragments)

WB3-095 (NDA)

Brick

55

Appendix 3.
Unit Elevations

Location	Elevation	Datum
Unit 1	3.62	A1
Unit 2	4.52	A
Trench A, NW corner	3.65	A
Trench A, NE corner	-3.62	A
Trench A, SW corner	3.90	A
Trench A, SE corner	3.93	A
Trench B, NW corner	1.45	A
Trench B, NE corner	0.18	A
Trench B, SW corner	+1.01	A
Trench B, mid point on S wall	+0.30	A
Trench B, SE corner	+1.40	A
Trench C, NW corner	0.29	A
Trench C, NE corner	1.30	A
Trench C, SW corner	0.67	A
Trench C, SE corner	1.22	A
Trench D, NW corner	+1.20	A
Trench D, NE corner	+1.47	A
Trench D, SW corner	0.42	A
Trench D, SE corner	0.09	A
Trench E, NW corner	0.92	A
Trench E, NE corner	+1.77	A
Trench E, SW corner	0.32	A
Trench E, SE corner	+0.91	A
Unit 3	+4.06	B2
Unit 4	+3.73	B
Unit 5	+4.90	B
Unit 6	+5.57	B
Unit 7	+5.33	B
Unit 8	+1.13	B
Unit 9	——	—3
Unit 10	——	—
Unit 11	+2.63	B
Unit 12	0.10	B
Unit 13	+5.43	B
Unit 14	2.27	B
Unit 15	+0.25	B
Unit 16	0.33	B
Unit 17	+2.22	B